Archive for August, 2011

“Se necesitan voluntarios para un estudio psicológico”

Tuesday, August 30th, 2011

Ago 17, 2011
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Se necesitan estudiantes varones para un estudio psicológico de la vida en prisión. 15 dólares al día durante 1-2 semanas…”. Con ese anuncio en la prensa local comenzó, hace justo hoy 40 años, uno de los experimentos que más impacto ha tenido en la psicología social. Se presentaron 70 voluntarios de los que seleccionaron a los 24 más estables, emocional y psíquicamente. A la mitad les tocó ser prisioneros y a los otros doce carceleros. El ensayo apenas duró seis días: los primeros habían caído en la desesperación mientras que los segundos se habían convertido en sádicos. La investigación sentó las bases para que buena parte de los científicos sociales nieguen que haya malas y buenas personas, en todas anida un mal que aparece según las circunstancias.

El 17 de agosto de 1971, policías de Palo Alto (California) detuvieron a los 12 voluntarios que se habían prestado a ser los prisioneros acusados de robo a mano armada. Les leyeron sus derechos y tomaron sus huellas dactilares y, vendados, los llevaron al edificio de Psicología de la Universidad de Stanford. Se pretendía dar la mayor veracidad a la experiencia, por lo que se recreó una cárcel en su sótano. A los 12 guardianes se les instruyó para que se metieran en su papel. No podían hacer daño a los internos, pero debían conseguir que sintieran que eran ellos los que controlaban la situación.

El superintendente de esta prisión de ficción era el profesor de Psicología de esa universidad Philip Zimbardo, el que ideó el ensayo. El primer día no pasó nada, había demasiada camaradería entre reclusos y guardias. El segundo, los internos ya se burlaban de sus carceleros, jugando a rebelarse. Zimbardo, en realidad, había montado el experimento para estudiar cambios en la conducta en los presos, no en los guardias.

“Los que les tocó ser carceleros no querían serlo; era 1971, eran unos hippies, activistas de los derechos civiles”, recuerda Zimbardo en el documental que él mismo escribió Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experiment. Pero todo cambió la noche del segundo día. Los guardianes, decididos a recuperar el control, comenzaron a abusar de los prisioneros, primero con insultos, después con vejaciones y, al final, con castigos físicos. “Lo peor sucedía de noche”, recuerda Zimbardo. Los carceleros sabían que era cuando él se había ido a dormir. Creían que las cámaras no grababan y empezó entonces una espiral cada vez más siniestra de humillaciones y abusos.

Sin embargo, Zimbardo y su equipo decidieron seguir con el experimento. Incluso él se vio atrapado. Al tercer día, “yo caminaba con las manos a la espalda, algo que nunca hice en mi vida, a la manera en que los generales caminan cuando pasan revista a sus tropas”, cuenta Zimbardo a Stanford Magazine , la revista de la asociación de alumnos de la universidad estadounidense que, en el cuarenta aniversario del experimento ha recogido los testimonios de estudiantes y psicólogos que estuvieron en los sótanos de aquel edificio.

“Lo primero que realmente me confundió fue la privación del sueño. Cuando nos despertaron por primera vez, no tenía ni idea de que sólo había pasado cuatro horas durmiendo. Fue sólo después de que nos levantaran y obligaran a hacer unos ejercicios para luego dejarnos ir a la cama cuando me di cuenta de que estaban jugando con nuestros ciclos de sueño”, recuerda Richard Yacco, entonces un estudiante universitario y ahora profesor.

La mayoría de los prisioneros sufrieron intensas crisis emocionales y dos tuvieron que ser retirados del experimento. Para acentuar el proceso de deshumanización, los internos eran identificados por un número, no por su nombre. El número 8612 era Doug Korpi. “Todo el mundo puede ser carcelero, pero resulta más difícil mantenerse en guardia contra el impulso de ser sádico”, reflexiona un Korpi que ahora es psicólogo en una prisión de EEUU.

Apple se enfrenta a una demanda colectiva de 27.000 surcoreanos

Monday, August 29th, 2011

Ago 17, 2011
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A Apple le crecen los enanos. A la compañía que posee la marca más valiosa del mundo le ha salido rana la geolocalización incluida en sus iPhone e iPad, un software que permitía rastrear el teléfono sin el consentimiento del usuario.

Ya se enfrentó a la demanda en EEUU por el sistema de rastreo de movimientos de los usuarios de sus dispositivos, ante lo que Apple reaccionó lanzando una actualización se sus sistema operativo que dejaba de seguir a sus clientes.

Pero esa mejora no ha evitado el enojo de los usuario surcoreanos: 27.000 de ellos se han unido en una demanda colectiva para pedir compensación por la captación de sus movimientos.

En abril se desveló que los teléfonos y tabletas de Apple almacenaban datos de la posición de los usuarios y los transmitían. La compañía de la manzana trató de explicar que se trataba de referencias de señales de redes inalámbricas (wifi), almacenadas y compartidas para optimizar la rapidez de conexión de los terminales.

Facebook critica la poca originalidad de la nueva red social de Google

Monday, August 29th, 2011

Ago 17, 2011
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Pese a estar todavía muy lejos de Facebook, sobre todo en cuanto a número de seguidores, la red social de Google se ha convertido desde su nacimiento en el rival más directo de la compañía de Mark Zuckerberg.

La primera lucha entre ambas redes se produjo al poco de nacer Google +. Esta incluyó entre sus novedades los llamados Hangouts (Quedadas), un lugar de reunión donde los usuarios podrán verse cara a cara y “charlar como en un bar, de forma divertida, fluida y casual”, uniendo lo mejor de la mensajería instantánea y la videoconferencia. Facebook, por su parte, tardó apenas una semana en anunciar lo que para ellos se trataba de algo “impresionante”: incluir videollamadas en el chat con la integración de Skype, fruto de su alianza con Microsoft.

La Luna rejuvenece 200 millones de años

Monday, August 29th, 2011

Ago 17, 2011
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Los resultados obtenidos gracias a una nueva técnica de datación utilizada en varias rocas de origen lunar indican que el satélite tiene unos 200 millones de años menos de lo que se estimaba hasta ahora. Los investigadores responsables del estudio, cuyos resultados han sido publicados hoy en la revista Nature, han asegurado que, o bien la Luna terminó de formarse mucho después de lo que se pensaba o las actuales teorías sobre su formación deben ser revisadas.

Gut’s hospital bug defence found

Monday, August 29th, 2011

The way cells in the gut fight off toxins produced by a hospital bug has been discovered by US researchers.

A course of antibiotics, which wipes out other bacteria in the gut, can allow C. difficile to multiply and run rampant in the bowels.

They produce large numbers of toxins which enter the cells lining the bowel. This damages the cells resulting in inflammation, cramps, fever, diarrhoea and blood-stained stools.

It is particularly a problem in hospitals as the bacteria can spread, and many patients could be taking antibiotics or have a weakened immune system.

In hospitals in England there were 10,414 C. difficile infections during the financial year 2010-11, down from 33,442 in 2007-08.

The whole toxin is unable to penetrate cells so it needs to cleave off a smaller chunk.

Scientists have identified the chemical GSNO – S-nitrosoglutathione – which is produced by the bowels in response to inflammation. It can bind to the toxin, preventing cleavage, so the toxin cannot enter cells.

One of the researchers Dr Jonathan Stamler, from the Case Western Reserve University, said: "Understanding how this mechanism deactivates toxins provides a basis for developing new therapies that can target toxins directly and thereby keep bacterial infections, like C. diff, from spreading."

In experiments on mice, the study showed giving the chemical orally increased survival. Researchers now want to begin clinical trials.

The report's lead author Prof Tor Savidge, from the University of Texas, believes the technique could be used on other infections.

"Along with its potential to provide a much-needed new approach to treating Clostridium difficile infection, the discovery could be applied to developing new treatments for other forms of diarrhoea, as well as non-diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria," he said.

Prof Nigel Minton, from the Clostridia Research Group at the University of Nottingham, said: "This is an exciting discovery.

"Anything that can add to our scant arsenal of available treatments for combating this devastating disease is an important step forward.

"Having said that, one imagines that an actual therapeutic based on this discovery is some way off, either from being developed, and more importantly, from entering the clinic."

© 2011 BBC News (www.bbc.co.uk)

Child alcohol and drugs ‘worry’

Sunday, August 28th, 2011

Children as young as four have been treated in accident and emergency departments in Wales for the effects of alcohol, research shows.

"The reasons for that are two-fold. First of all it's the cheapness and availability because, in real terms, it's cheaper that it's ever been."

Larger health boards such as Abertawe Bro Morgannwg, which serves Swansea, Bridgend and Neath Port Talbot, Cardiff and Vale, and Betsi Cadwaladr, which covers north Wales, each treat hundreds of children every year in their casualty departments for the effects of drink and drugs.

Children's Commissioner for Wales, Keith Towler, said the figures did not come as a surprise.

"The Welsh Government published its latest wellbeing monitor earlier this year which highlighted how people aged under 20 account for almost one in 10 of all referrals for treatment for alcohol problems in Wales," he said.

"The long-term dangers of alcohol and drug misuse are well documented, and more and more young people now understand the health risks associated with excessive drinking and are, in fact, choosing to avoid alcohol.

"But if we want to successfully combat this problem I think we need to shift society's general attitudes towards alcohol.

"There is plenty of information out there to help children and young people make informed decisions but children tend to succumb to peer pressure and often model the behaviour of those around them.

"Whilst educating children and young people must remain a top priority, there is also a need for adults involved in a child's life to take responsibility."

Welsh Government figures for 2008-09 showed that more than 120 children under the age of 12 in Wales were referred for specialist help for drug and alcohol problems.

Figures between health boards may not be directly comparable as differing methods of compiling data have been used.

© 2011 BBC News (www.bbc.co.uk)

Cycling gives economy £3bn boost

Sunday, August 28th, 2011

Cycling generates nearly £3bn a year for the UK economy, a report by the London School of Economics has found.

The figure takes into account factors such as bicycle manufacturing, retail and cycle-related employment.

The report says £51m was raised for UK manufacturers from the 3.7 million cycles sold in 2010 – a rise of 28% on the number of cycles sold in 2009

More than a million people also started cycling last year, bringing the total number of cyclists to 13 million.

Last year more than £1.5bn was spent on bikes and another £850m on accessories, with the LSE estimating that the cycling industry is now worth some £2.9bn a year.

There are now 23,000 people working in cycling, contributing more than £600m to the economy in wages and taxes.

The report also says rising fuel costs, improved cycle networks, concern for the environment, and the pull of the Olympics are all possible factors for the increase in popularity for cycling.

And it says a 20% increase in cycling levels by 2015 could save millions of pounds in reduced congestion, pollution levels and NHS costs.

The report says that regular cyclists take 7.4 sick days per year, compared with 8.7 sick days for non-cyclists, saving around £128m through reduced absenteeism, with projected savings of £2bn over the next 10 years.

Dr Alexander Grous, of the LSE, who conducted the research, said: "The good news is that structural, economic, social and health factors seem finally to have created a true step-change in the UK's cycling scene."

Stewart Kellett, of British Cycling which is the governing body of UK cycle sport, said: "This report is further evidence that when more people get involved in cycling there are measurable benefits to the individual, their family, their employer, the environment and the economy as whole."

© 2011 BBC News (www.bbc.co.uk)

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